The gut-brain connection: Study suggests the gut microbiome could be key to solving the autism puzzle

03/21/2025 / By Olivia Cook

The gut and brain are connected through the gut-brain axis, which influences behavior, brain development and emotions.
Early gut microbiome disruptions (e.g., antibiotic overuse, C-section birth) may contribute to ASD risk.
Gut microbiome-based therapies, including FMT, probiotics and targeted bacterial treatments, show promise as ASD treatments.
More research is needed to develop safe and effective gut microbiome interventions.

For years, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has remained a complex neurological condition, puzzling researchers and families alike. But an emerging field of science is shedding light on a surprising connection: the gut microbiome.

In a study published in the journal Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology in July 2022, scientists uncovered compelling evidence that the trillions of bacteria living in your intestines – known as the gut microbiome – could play a crucial role in ASD. While genetics and environmental factors are well-established contributors to autism, research now suggests that gut bacteria might influence brain development, behavior and even symptoms of the disorder.

It may seem strange to think that the gut has anything to do with the brain but scientists have long known that the two are intimately connected through what is called the gut-brain axis. This communication network operates through hormones, the immune pathways and the nervous system.

The gut is home to the enteric nervous system (ENS), sometimes called the “second brain.” It contains millions of neurons that interact with the central nervous system, particularly through the vagus nerve – a direct line from the gut to the brain. But nerves are not the only players in the system. The gut is also teeming with bacteria that produce neurotransmitters, including serotonin, which affect mood and cognition. In fact, nearly 90 percent of the body’s serotonin is produced in the gut, not the brain.

This connection is so strong that disruptions in the gut microbiome have been linked to anxiety, depression and neurodevelopmental disorders like ASD. Now, scientists are asking a critical question: Could restoring the gut balance improve autism symptoms?

Gut microbiome imbalance may be linked to ASD

In the U.S., the prevalence of autism among children has risen over four-fold in the past two decades, from 6.7 cases per 1,000 (1 in 150) in 2000 to 27.6 per 1,000 (1 in 36) in 2020. ASD is characterized by challenges with communication, repetitive behaviors and social interaction. While no single cause has been identified, researchers are exploring how early gut microbiome development might shape the brain.

Studies suggest that gut microbiome imbalances, known as dysbiosis, may be linked to ASD. Several key factors influence this early microbial landscape, including the method of birth delivery, antibiotic overuse and diet.

Babies born vaginally receive their first major dose of bacteria from their mother’s birth canal while those born via C-section (cesarean section) miss out on this exposure, potentially affecting their microbiome composition.

Similarly, early antibiotic use – while sometimes necessary – can disrupt the balance of good and bad bacteria, which may have long-term effects on brain development.

Diet also plays a crucial role. Gut bacteria break down fiber from food into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which impact brain function. One of these SCFAs, butyrate, is considered beneficial because it supports brain health. Another, propionate, has been linked to changes in behavior and cognition. Some researchers suspect that an excess of propionate in the gut could contribute to ASD-like symptoms.

Modifying gut microbiome could alleviate ASD symptoms

Given the growing evidence, scientists are exploring whether modifying the gut microbiome could alleviate ASD symptoms. Several experimental therapies have shown promise in both animal and human studies.

One of the most talked-about treatments is fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). This procedure involves transferring gut bacteria from a healthy donor to a recipient to restore microbial balance. In a small but groundbreaking study, children with ASD who underwent FMT not only showed improvements in gastrointestinal issues but also experienced significant behavioral improvements that persisted for up to two years.

Another potential therapy involves probiotics and prebiotics – live beneficial bacteria and the fibers that feed them. While some studies have suggested these supplements may help regulate gut bacteria in ASD patients, more research is needed to determine which bacterial strains are most beneficial. (Related: Gut health for your brain: Probiotics, prebiotics found to manipulate the gut in obese and insulin-resistant individuals, restoring cognitive function.)

Targeted therapies, such as bacteriocins and bacteriophages, are also being explored. Bacteriocins are antimicrobial peptides that selectively kill harmful bacteria, while bacteriophages are viruses engineered to attack specific bacterial strains. These therapies could offer a more precise approach to restoring a healthy microbiome without the broad, indiscriminate effects of antibiotics.

Lifestyle changes, including diet and exercise, are also being considered as part of a broad strategy to support microbiome health. A high-fiber diet, rich in fruits and vegetables and whole grains, encourages the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, while regular exercise has been shown to enhance microbial diversity.

Watch this video to learn about the real cause of autism.

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The gut-brain connection: Study suggests the gut microbiome could be key to solving the autism puzzle

Gut microbiome imbalance may be linked to ASD

Modifying gut microbiome could alleviate ASD symptoms

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